EXERCISE
Objective
I. Write the
full form of the following:
1. MLL: Machine
level language
2. ALL: Assembly
level language
3. HLL: High
level language
4. VB: Visual
basic
5. ENIAC: Electronic
numerical integrator and calculator
6. IBM: International
business machine
7. UNIVAC: Universal
automatic computer
8. COBOL: Common
business oriented language
II. State whether the following statements are
TRUE or FALSE
1. Assembly level language uses instructions that are coded
in terms of
1s and 0s. FALSE ( Right answer is Machine level language)
2. Compiler converts a program written in high-level language
in to
machine level language. TRUE
3. MARK I was the first fully operational electronic
computer. FALSE
( Right answer is ENIAC)
4. First generation computers used machine level language to
give
data and instructions. TRUE
5. Vacuum tubes replaced transistors in the second generation
computers. FALSE (Right answer is transistors replaced vacuum tubes)
6. FORTRAN was the first high-level language developed in the
first
generation computers. TRUE
III. Name the high-level languages for the
given areas of applications:
1. An object oriented programming language
C++,
JAVA and VISUAL BASIC (VB)
2. A powerful language used for engineering and
scientific application.
C
3. A high-level language used for
web designing.
JAVA
4. An object oriented programming
language which is popular among
software professionals.
C++
IV. Match the following:
1. Machine level language (a) Translator
2. Mnemonics (b)
C++
3. Interpreters (c)
Binary digits
4. Bjarne Strouststrup (d)
High-level language
5. BASIC (e)
Assembly level language
Answers.
1-c, 2-e, 3-a, 4-b, 5-d
V. Name the main components used in:
1. First generation computers: Vacuum tubes
2. Second generation computers: Transistors
3. Third Generation computers: Integrated circuits
4. Fourth generation computers: Microprocessors
Subjective
I. Short answer questions
1. Define analog computers.
An analog computer works on varying physical quantities. The
data
input to a computer is continuous in nature irrespective of
the variation
in input and the results are obtained after comparison. Meter
scale,
thermometer, speedometer, voltmeter etc. are the examples of
analog
computer.
2. What is a digital computer?
A digital computer accepts data in the binary form (0s and
1s). Zero
means OFF or low signal and One means ON or high signal.
Digital
computers give results in terms of digit. All personal
computers and
laptops, calculators, digital watch are examples of digital
computers.
3. Define mainframe computers.
Mainframe computers are large computers with huge storage
capacities. These computers are generally used in large
industries,
banking organizations, advanced science research centres etc.
4. What is meant by C++ (as a
computer language)?
C++ is a high-level language derived from C language. It is
an Object
oriented programming (OOP) language. It applies object
oriented
feature of Simula 67. C++ language is more popular among
software
professionals because it allows the user to perform long
operations
efficiently in short forms.
5. What is an assembler?
Assembler is a software which is used to convert a program
written in an
assembly level language in to a machine level language. It
helps the
computer to perform its basic operations.
II. Differentiate between the following:
1. Machine level and assembly level languages
Machine level language
|
Assembly level language
|
Instructions given to computer in binary digits. 1s and 0s
|
Instructions given to computer in terms of mnemonics.
|
It is directly understood by the computer and translator is
not required
|
A translator is required to convert the OP codes in to a
computer readable binary form.
|
Very time consuming for coding instructions
|
It takes less time in coding instructions.
|
2. High-level and Low-level languages
High-level language
|
Low-level language
|
These languages are used to write programs in simple
English and by using alphabets and numbers.
|
These languages are used to write programs with the
combination of 0s and 1s.
|
These are machine independent.
|
These are machine dependent
|
Ex: BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN etc.
|
Ex: Machine level language and Assembly level language.
|
3. Compiler and Interpreter
Compiler
|
Interpreter
|
It converts the
entire program in to its machine code at once.
|
It converts the
entire program in to its machine code line by line.
|
It displays the
errors for the entire program only after compilation.
|
It displays the
errors of one line at a time during the conversion to its machine code.
|
III. Long Answer Questions:
1. What are the limitation of machine level
language?
Following are the limitations of machine level language.
a) The process of generating binary code is very time
consuming.
b) There is always a chance of making mistakes during the
conversion in
to binary codes.
c) It is a machine dependent language.
2. Enlist three features of second generation
computers.
Features of second generation computers were
a) Transistors were the main components used in the circuit
of these
computers.
b) The computers were smaller in size as compared to the
first
generation computers.
c) The processing speed of these computers increased from
milliseconds to microseconds.
3. What are the advantages of high-level
language?
Advantages of high-level languages are
a) They are machine independent language.
b) They are easy to learn and help to develop programming
logic.
c) Programs in these languages can be easily modified.
4. State two limitations of first generation
computers.
The limitations of first generation computers were
a) These computers were difficult to operate.
b) They needed heavy air conditioned system because of the
tremendous
amount of heat generated by the vacuum tubes. These computers
consumed huge quantity of power.
5. Give three features of the third generation
of computers.
Features of third generation computers are
a) The use of IC technology reduce the size of these
computers.
b) These computers could do fast calculations in nanoseconds.
c) Their capacity to hold data and information was more due
to the
improved secondary storage device.
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Extra
Questions and Answers
A. Objective Questions
I. Fill in the blanks.
a) Based on their purpose computers are categorised as analog
computers, digital computers
and hybrid computers.
b) ENIAC was belonged to the first
generation computer and was build
using the technology of vacuum
tubes.
c) The second generation computers used transistors instead of vacuum
tubes.
d) The third generation computers used integrated circuits.
e) The fourth generation computers used microprocessors.
f) Technology used is fifth generation computers is artificial intelligence.
g) Low-level
languages use instructions that are directly executed and
can be categorised as machine level language and assembly
level
language.
h) In machine level
language instruction are written using binary numbers.
i) Instructions in assembly level language are written by
using mnemonics
and OP-code.
j) Language processor
translator is a software that converts instructions
written in assembly level language or high-level language in
to a
machine level language.
k) Assembler
converts an assembly level language in to a machine level
language.
l) A compiler is
used to convert an entire program from high-level
language to a machine level language at once.
m) Interpreter
converts instructions from a high level language to a machine
level language line-by-line.
n) JAVA was initially called OAK
o) The first compiler was
designed by Grace Hopper.
II. Write the full form of the following:
a) LAN :
Local Area Network
b) FORTRAN :
Formula Translation
c) LEO :
Lyons Electronic Office
d) IC :
Integrated circuit
e) PC :
Personal Computer
f) SQL :
Structured Query Language
g) AI :
Artificial Intelligence
h) OOP : Object
oriented Programming
i) 4GLs. :
Fourth Generation Languages
III. Name the following:
a) The form that Mnemonics need to be coded in to – OP-code
b) A software used to convert instructions from an assembly
level language to
a machine level language -
Assembler
c) Founder of JAVA language -
James Gosling.
d) Language used to update windows operating system - High-level
language.
e) Inventor of the C language - Dennis Ritchie
f) Language that widely used for general programming and web
designing - JAVA
g) Language that can easily link a program with graphical
presentations.
Visual Basic (VB)
IV. Short questions and answers.
a) What are hybrid computers?
A hybrid computer has combined features of both digital and
analog
computers. The result obtained can be compared with the known
value of the system and can also be directly visualised.
b) What are super computers?
Super computers are the most powerful computers used in
scientific/space research, weather forecasting and robotic
etc.
c) What was the name of first super computer? Name two Indian super
computers.
The first super computer was CRAY-I,
developed by the CRAY
Research Inc., USA. The two Indian super computers are PARAM
and ANURAG.
d) Write short notes on minicomputers.
Minicomputer are smaller than mainframe computers but bigger
than
microcomputers. These computers have a higher capacity to
store
data and also support the multiuser system and local area
network.
e) What are microcomputers?
Microcomputers are compact in size. These are widely used in
homes,
offices, shops and schools. They were first developed by IBM. These
computers are also known as personal computers.
f) What is an interpreter?
Interpreter is a software that is used to convert a program
written in
high-level language into its equivalent machine level
language.
It accepts instructions and generates machine codes
line-by-line.
At the time of execution the control does not move to the
next line unless
the previous line is error free.
g) What are the advantages of machine level
language?
Advantages of machine level language are
i) It is directly understood by the system.
ii) The execution does not require any language processor,
h) What are the advantages of assembly level
language?
Advantages of assembly level language are
i) It takes less time in coding instructions.
ii) Programming logic can be developed easily.
i) Name some computer manufacturers, who
manufacture forth generation
computers.
IBM, Apple, HCL, Dell, Compaq and Lenovo
etc. are some manufacturer of
fourth generation computers.
j) What are the languages developed at the time
of fourth generation
computers?
Languages like SQL, C, C++, JAVA,
etc were developed at the time of fourth
generation computers.
k) What are Mnemonics?
A mnemonic is a standard
short form notation of an instruction to
perform a certain task.
Mnemonic codes allow a user to develop his
program in an easier manner.
l) Give some examples of fourth generation
computers.
Some fourth generation
computers are Apple I, IBM-370, and Honeywell
6080.
m) Name four categories of computers based on
size.
Based on size the computers
are classified in to, Microcomputers,
Minicomputers, Mainframe
computers and Supercomputers.
V. Long questions and answers
a) Name the developers of FORTRAN, C++, BASIC,
JAVA, C languages.
FORTRAN was developed by John Backus in 1954. C++ was
invented
by Bjarne Stroutstrup in the early 1980s. JAVA was developed
by
James Gosling in 1991. BASIC was developed by professors John
Kemeny
and Thomas Krutz in the year 1964. C language was developed
by
Dennis Ritchie between the year 1969 and 1973.
b) What were the features of first generation
computers?
Features of first generation computers were
i) These computers were very large in size and occupied a lot
of space.
ii) Vacuum tubes were the main electronic components used in
these
computers.
iii) These computers were based on machine level and assembly
level
language.
c) What are the features of fourth generation
computers?
Features of fourth generation computer are
i) Fourth generation computers use microprocessors.
ii) These computers are widely used for general purposes as
well as
commercial applicatios.
iii) Due to microprocessors these computers have high
processing
speed.
iv) The storage capacity of these computers increased up to
several
terabytes and even petabytes.
d) What are the advantages of fourth generation
languages (4GLs.)?
Advantages of 4GLs are
i) They increase the productivity of programming.
ii) They are easily accessible as compared to third
generation
language.
iii) Users can often develop their own applications using
4GLs.
iv) Programs developed in 4GLs are more portable than those
developed in other generation of languages.
e) Write about JAVA language.
JAVA is an object oriented programming language (OOP). This
language
was initially called OAK. It is very strong in text and
string operations. It is a
multipurpose language widely used for general programming and
web
designing. It requires a language processor to execute
programs on a
computer system.
f) What is C language?
C was developed between the year 1968 and 1973 by Dennis
Ritchie
for use with the Unix operating system. This is a powerful
language used
for engineering and scientific applications. It can perform
any complex
mathematical operations in simple form. This language is
widely used by
engineers and scientists.
g) What is Visual Basic (VB)?
Visual Basic is an object oriented programming language
having more
advanced features as compared to BASIC language. It uses menu
driven approach and allows user to create interactive
programs. This
language can easily be used to link a program with a
graphical
presentation.
h) What are special purpose computers?
Special purpose computers are designed for performing a
single task or
a specific application. They are known as dedicated computers
because they perform a single task repeatedly. The
instruction needed
to perform the particular task is stored in to the internal
memory of this
computer. These computers are used to control air traffic,
traffic lights,
satellite tracking etc.
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