EXERCISE
BE
PROMPT
A. Fill in the blanks
1. An element is a pure substance as it has atoms of only one kind.
2. A symbol represents one atom
of an element.
3. A compound
always contains the same elements combined together chemically in a fixed ratio.
4. Energy is
either absorbed or given out when a compound is formed.
5. The elements present in ammonia are Nitrogen and Hydrogen.
6. Sand is
used in the preparation of glass.
7. A sieve consists of a mesh
placed over a frame.
8. The technique of filtration
is daily used in our houses to separate tea leaves from tea using a strainer.
B.
State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
1. Science An element consists of atoms of different
kinds. (FALSE)
2. A compound is pure and homogeneous. (TRUE)
3. A symbol represents one atom of an element (TRUE)
4. The smallest particle of a compound is a molecule (TRUE)
5. Wood produces heat energy on burning and is used as
a fuel (TRUE)
6. A mixture has uniform and constant composition
throughout the whole sample. (FALSE)
7. The constituents of mixture are not chemically combined
together. (TRUE)
8.The size of
component particles is not an important factor in the separation of mixture. (FALSE)
9. Sediments
and decantation are used to separate a homogeneous
mixture of a
solid and a liquid. (FALSE)
10.
Evaporation is employed to separate a soluble solid component
from liquid. (TRUE)
C.
Choose the correct option.
1. Silicon and
arsenic are
(a) metals (b) non-metals (c) metalloids (d) noble gasses
2. Noble
gasses are present only in traces in ___________.
(a) air (b) earth’s crust (c) oceans (d)
all of these
3. The symbol
of lead is _________.
(a) Pb (b)
L
(c) Le (d) Pl
4. Which of
these cannot be separated by filtration?
(a) A mixture
of chalk powder and water
(b) A mixture
of sand and water
(c) A mixture of sugar and milk
(d) A mixture
of rice and milk
5. The soluble
solid left behind on the filter paper during filtration is called
(a) filtrate (b) particle
(c) residue d) Sediment
6. Which of the
following can be used in addition to filter paper in the
process of
filtration?
(a) Glass wool
(b) Unglased
porcelain
(c) Cotton
(d) All of these
D. Match the columns.
Column A Column B
1. Gold and silver (a) Non-metals
2. Silicon and
phosphorous (b) Smallest unit of
an element
3. Boron and
antimony (c) Mixture
4. Milk (d)
Metals
5. Atom (e) Remove pulp and fresh juice
6. Filtration (f)
Metalloids
Ans. 1 – (d),
2 – (a), 3 – (f), 4 – (c), 5 – (b), 6 – (e).
SHORT
AND PRECISE
A. Show
the given text in the form of flowcharts.
1.
Elements classified as metals, non-metals and metalloids
2.
Methods of separation of mixtures
B. Give
reason for the following statements.
1.
An element is a pure substance.
An element is
a pure substance because it has atoms of only one kind.
2. The composition of water
remains the same whether it is obtained
from
river, pond, sea or ocean.
Water has a homogeneous composition. The
components of water
hydrogen and oxygen are combined in a fixed
ratio of 1:8 mass. Due to
this the composition of water remains the
same whether it is obtained
from river, pond, sea or ocean.
3. The atoms exist in
combination with the atoms of same element or
other
elements.
The atoms are very reactive and therefore
exist in combination with
the atoms of same element or other
elements. For example hydrogen
atoms are found in combination with atoms
of hydrogen or other
elements.
4. Copper is
used to make electrical wires.
Copper is a good conductor of heat and
electricity. That is why copper
is used to make electrical wires.
5.
Plastic is used to insulate wires.
Plastic is a bad conductor of heat and
electricity. That is why it is used
to make electrical wires.
6.
Carbon dioxide is used in fire extinguishers.
Carbon dioxide is used in fire
extinguishers because it does not support
combustion.
7.
Mixtures are impure substances.
Mixtures are impure substances because
their constituents have
different kinds of molecules. For example
milk is a mixture as it consists of
fats, proteins, carbohydrates, salts,
vitamins and water.
8.
A mixture is heated in the process of evaporation.
A mixture is heated in the process of evaporation
to separate
homogeneous solid liquid mixture. By this
method the soluble solid
component is separated from the liquid,
C. Write
the molecular formulae of the following compounds.
1. Carbon
dioxide – CO2
2.
Magnesium oxide – MgO
3. Zinc
chloride – ZnCl2 4.
Calcium oxide - CaO
5. Water – H2O 6. Copper oxide - CuO
D.
Answer in short.
1. Classify
matter.
Matter can be classified as living and
non-living. Non living matters
can again be classified as Homogeneous (pure
substance) and
Heterogeneous ( impure substance or
Mixtures). Homogeneous matter
is can be again classified as elements and
compounds. Finally elements
are classified as Metals, non-metals,
Metalloids and Noble gases.
2.
Describe pure substances.
Substances which contain particles of only
one kind are called pure
substances. These are of two types –
elements and compounds.
Elements are made up of only one kind of
atom and compounds are
made up of only one kind of molecules.
3. How are
elements classified on the basis of their properties?
On the basis of their properties elements
are classified into metals,
non-metals, metalloids and noble gases.
4.
Define an atom. Can atoms exist independently ?
The smallest unit of an element that shows
all the properties of that
element is known as an atom. Some atoms can
exist independently.
5.
Why are noble (inert) gases named so?
Noble (inert) gases are named so because
they are the non-metals
present in the gaseous state, which do not
react chemically with other
elements.
6.
Write the symbols of the following elements.
(a) Aluminium
- Al (b) Neon – Ne (c) Oxygen – O
(d) Iron – Fe (e) Carbon – C (f)
Calcium – Ca
(g) Helium –
He (h) Sulphur – S (i) Copper – Cu
(j) Hydrogen –
H
(k) Nitrogen – N (l) Sodium - Na
7. What is a molecule? Give examples.
Molecule is a group of two or more atoms of
the same element or
different element held together by chemical
forces which is capable
of independent existence. Examples: Water
(H2O),
Carbon dioxide ( CO2), Ammonia (
NH3), Hydrogen chloride ( HCl) etc.
8. Show diagrammatic
representation of nitrogen dioxide molecule and
zinc chloride molecule.
AT
LENGTH
A.
Explain the following terms.
1.
Metal.
The majority of known elements are metals.
These are usually hard solids
and lustrous in appearance. They are good
conductor of heat and
electricity. They are malleable and ductile
and having high melting and
boiling points. Some metals are gold,
silver, iron, copper, aluminium, tin
and zinc.
2.
Metalloid.
Elements that possess the properties of
both metals and non-metals are
called metalloids. They are solid, shiny or
dull, malleable, ductile and
conduct heat and electricity better than
non-metals but not as well as
metals. Some metalloids are boron, silicon,
arsenic and antimony.
3.
Symbol.
It is very inconvenient to write the full
name of an element while
describing their reactions. To overcome
this abbreviations were used by
scientists, which are known as symbols. A
symbol of an element is one or
two letter long and is chosen by the
International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry. These symbols are
accepted as the standard symbols
throughout the world. A symbol represents
one atom of an element.
4.
Atom
An atom is the smallest unit of an element
that shows all the properties
of that element. Some atoms are capable of
independent existence,
while other are combined with atoms of same
or different element.
5. Mixture
A physical combination of two or more
elements or compounds in any
proportion is called a mixture. In a
mixture the original atoms and
molecules remain unchanged as there is no
chemical change is taking
place. In a mixture the components are
loosely held together and
retain their individual properties. For
example lemonade is a mixture. It
contains water, salt, sugar and lemon
juice. When we drink it, we get
the taste of all these components.
6. Magnetic separation
Magnetic separation is the method used when
one component of the
mixture is a magnetic substance, which can
be attracted by a magnet.
In this method it becomes easier to
separate iron from a mixture as iron
is attracted by the magnet.
B.
Differentiate between the following.
1.
Metals and Non-metals.
Metals
|
Non-metals
|
Usually hard solids.
|
Either soft solids or gases.
|
Malleable and ductile in nature.
|
Mostly brittle in nature.
|
Lustrous in appearance.
|
Do not possess shine or lustre.
|
Good conductor of heat and electricity.
|
Bad conductor of heat and electricity.
|
High melting and boiling points.
|
Low melting and boiling points.
|
Produce sound.
|
Do not produce sound
|
Ex: Gold, silver, iron, copper etc.
|
Ex: Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
|
2.
Atoms and Molecules.
Atoms
|
Molecules
|
An atom is the smallest unit of an element that
shows all the properties of that element.
|
A molecule is the smallest unit of an element or
compound that exists independently.
|
It is highly reactive.
|
It is less reactive.
|
There are no chemical bonds in atoms.
|
Atoms in a molecule are held together by chemical
bonds.
|
3. Sediment and Supernatant liquid.
Sediment
|
Supernatant liquid
|
It is the insoluble substance that settles down in
the process of sedimentation.
|
This is the clear liquid over the sediment.
|
4.
Residue and Filtrate.
Residue
|
Filtrate
|
During the
filtration the insoluble solid left behind on the filter paper is called
residue.
|
The clear
liquid that passes through the filter paper is called filtrate.
|
5. Sedimentation and Decantation.
Sedimentation
|
Decantation
|
When a
mixture of insoluble substances and water is kept undisturbed for some time,
then the insoluble particles settled down at the bottom due to the influence
of gravity. This process is called sedimentation.
|
When the
supernatant liquid is pored into another beaker leaving the sediments
undisturbed, the process is called decantation.
|
6. Compound and Mixture.
Compound
|
Mixture
|
A compound
is a pure substance.
|
A mixture
is an impure substance.
|
The
constituents in a compound are present in fixed ratio.
|
The
constituents in a mixture can be present in any ratio.
|
The energy
is absorbed or released during the formation of a compound.
|
There is
no change in energy during the formation of a mixture.
|
The
components of a compound can be separated by chemical process.
|
The
components of a mixture can be separated by physical process.
|
Properties
of a compound is entirely different from its constituents.
|
The
constituents of a mixture retain their properties.
|
A compound
has fixed melting and boiling points.
|
A mixture
does not have a fixed melting or boiling point.
|
C. Answer in detail.
1.
What is an element? Give examples and list
the properties of an
element.
An element is
a substance that cannot be broken into simple
substances by
any physical or chemical means. For example, gold,
silver, mercury,
Sulphur, hydrogen and oxygen are some elements.
Following are
the properties of an element.
(i) It is a
pure substance and has atoms of only one kind.
(ii) It can
exist independently as well as in combination with other
elements.
(iii) Elements
exist in all three states of matter, i.e., solid, liquid and gas.
2.
How are compounds formed? Write the
properties of a compound.
A compound is
formed when two or more elements combined
together in a
fixed ratio.
Following are
the properties of a compound.
(i) A compound
is pure and homogeneous.
(ii) The
properties of a compound is different from its constituents.
(iii) The
constituents of a compound can not be separated by physical
means.
(iv) A compound
can be broken by chemical method.
(v) Energy is
either absorbed or released when a compound is formed.
3.
How are elements different from compounds?
The elements
are different from the compounds in following ways.
(i) An element
is made up of only one kind of substance, but a
compound
contains two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
(ii) An
element cannot be broken into simpler substances by any
means, but a
compound can be broken down by chemical process.
(iii) An
element has its own properties but the properties of a compound
differ from
the properties of its constituent elements.
(iv) An
element is represented by using a symbol but a compound is
represented by
using a formula.
4.
Write the uses of following elements and compounds.
(a)
Copper
Copper is used
to make electrical wires as it is a good conductor of heat
and
electricity.
(b) Tungsten
It is used to make filaments of light
bulbs, because it has a high melting
point.
(c) Platinum
Platinum is used to make jewellery because
it is lustrous and attractive.
(d)
Iron
Iron is used
in construction of buildings. They are also used to make
heavy tools
and machinery.
(e)
Plastic
Plastic is a
bad conductor of electricity and is used to insulate wires. It is
also used to
make non-stick cookware.
(f) Aluminium
Aluminum is used to make utensils for
cooking as it is a good conductor
of heat. Aluminum is also used to make
electrical wires as it is a good
conductor of electricity.
(g)
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
is used to extinguish fire as it does not support
combustion.
(h)
Sand
Sand is used
for preparation of glass.
(i)
Chlorine
Chlorine is
used as disinfectant
(j) Argon
Argon is used in light bulbs as it does not
react with metals at high
temperature.
5.
What are mixtures? Explain with the help
of an example. List the
characteristics
of mixtures.
The physical
combination of two or more elements or compounds
in any
proportion is called a mixture. For example milk is a mixture.
It consists of
fats, carbohydrates, proteins, salts, vitamins and water.
Following are
the characteristics of a mixture.
(i) The
constituents of a mixture exhibit their original properties. Thus a
mixture has no
property of its own.
(ii) A mixture
does not have any fixed melting or boiling point.
(iii) A
mixture can be separated into its constituent by simple
physical or
mechanical means.
(iv) The
composition of a mixture can be changed by changing the
proportion of
its constituents.
6.
Explain sedimentation and decantation taking a mixture of sand and
water
as an example.
Take a mixture of sand and water in a beaker. Stir it and
keep it
undisturbed for 15 to 20 minutes. It will be observed that
sand settles
down at the bottom of the beaker leaving clear water over it.
This
process is called sedimentation.
Now take another beaker and put a glass rod on it. Pour the
water
gently from the first beaker into the second beaker through
the glass
rod. It will be observed that the sand and water get
separated.
This process is called decantation.
7. Write a note on evaporation as a method of
separation of compounds
of a mixture.
Evaporation is the process by which a liquid is converted
into its vapour
state. This method is applied to separate a soluble solid
component
from a liquid. While applying this method the liquid is
heated. As a result
the liquid component evaporates leaving the solid components
behind.
This method is used to separate homogeneous solid-liquid
mixture.
8. How is salt prepared from sea water?
By evaporation method the salt is extracted from sea water.
Sea water
is collected in shallow beds and allowed to evaporate under
the heat
of sun. In a few days the water gets evaporated and the salt
is left
behind. Further this salt is purified for use
*************************************************************
Extra
Questions and Answers
A. Objective
Questions
1.
Fill in the blanks
a) An element cannot be broken
into simpler substances by normal
chemical means.
b) Most of the metals are found in earth’s crust.
c) Noble gases do
not react chemically with other elements.
d) Metalloids possess some
properties of metals and some properties of
non-metals.
e) A compound is represented using a formulae.
f) Impure substances do not have uniform composition.
g) Latin name of copper is Cuprum.
h) An insoluble solid left behind on the filter paper is residue.
i) Filtration
is employed to separate insoluble solid components from a
liquid.
j) Noble
gasses are the non-metals that do not react with other
element.
k) Elements are made up of only one kind of atoms.
l) Compounds are made of only one
kind of molecules.
m)
Hydrogen and Helium together account for about 99% of the
mass
of
the known universe.
n) Bromine is the only liquid
non-metal at room temperature.
o) Mercury is the only liquid
metal at room temperature.
p) A compound always contains the elements combined together in a
fixed ratio.
q) The properties of a compound are different
from those of its
constituent elements.
r) Energy
is either absorbed or given out when a compound is formed.
s) An element is represented using
a symbol.
t) A compound is represented using
a formula.
u) In winnowing a mixture is
dropped from a height.
2. Answer in one word:
a) An ancient agricultural practice which is used to separate lighter
particles of a mixture from heavier ones – Winnowing.
b) The method used to separate grains from the stalk – Threshing.
c) The process by which a solid changes into vapour on heating –
Sublimation.
d) The process in which solid particles are made to settle down faster by
adding special chemicals – Loading.
e) Any two mixtures used in daily life – Sand
and Water
f) A method used to separate
components of a mixture that differ in
size – Sieving.
g) A clear liquid observed over the sediment – Supernatant
liquid.
h) An insoluble solid left behind on the filter paper – Residue.
i) The clear liquid that passes through the filter paper is – Filtrate.
j) The process of settling down of suspended insoluble particles at the
bottom under the influence of gravity - Sedimentation.
k) A method used to separate components of a mixture containing a
magnetic substance – Magnetic separation.
l) Name three sonorous metal – Gold, Copper
and Silver.
m) Property due to which a substance can be drawn into wires – Ductility.
n) Property due to which a substance can be beaten into sheets –
Malleability.
o) Name the only element which is liquid non-metal – Bromine.
p) Give the symbol of potassium – K.
q) Name the element which is used as a disinfectant – Chlorine.
r) Filament of a light bulb is made up of – Tungsten.
s) Hardest naturally occurring substance – Diamond.
t) The chemical formula that
represents the total number and kind of molecule
is called a – Molecular formula.
u) The method employed to separate a soluble solid component from a
liquid – Evaporation.
v) The force of attraction between atoms that enables the formation of
chemical compound – Chemical bond.
3. Correct the underlined
words.
a) An element
consists of atoms of different kinds.
An element
consists of atoms of same kinds.
b) Evaporation is a method used to
separate an insoluble solid and
liquid.
Filtration is a method used to separate an insoluble
solid and
liquid.
c) Sand is
used in the preparation of plastic.
Sand is used
in the preparation of glass.
d) Tungsten
is used to make electrical wires.
Copper is used to make
electrical wires.
e) The
molecular formula of Zinc chloride is zinc.
The molecular
formula of Zinc chloride is ZnCl2.
f) A substance
which is capable of being dissolved is called insoluble.
A substance
which is capable of being dissolved is called soluble.
g) Diamond is
a form of graphite.
Diamond is a
form of carbon.
h) Oxygen
is used in fire extinguishers.
Carbon
dioxide is
used in fire extinguishers.
i) A compound
can be broken down by physical methods.
A compound can
be broken down by chemical methods.
j) A mixture
has a fixed melting and boiling point.
A compound has a fixed melting and boiling point.
k) Substance
that do not have uniform composition is called compound.
Substance that
do not have uniform composition is called mixture.
l) Water is a heterogeneous
composition.
Water is a homogeneous composition.
m) The
components of water – hydrogen and oxygen are combined in a
fixed ratio of
8:1 mass.
The components
of water – hydrogen and oxygen are combined in a
fixed ratio of
1:8 mass.
4.
Match the columns:
Column A Column B
1. Gold (a)
Used as a fuel
2. Iron (b) Making utensils
3. Natural gas (c) Making
non-stick cookwares
4. Aluminium (d) Making
jewelry
5. Plastic (e) Heavy tools and Machinery
6. Copper (f)
Disinfectant
7. Tungsten (g)Pencil
8. Argon (h)
Electrical wires
9. Chlorine (i) Non
reactive
10. Graphite (j) Filament
of light bulb
(Ans.)
1-(d), 2-(e), 3-(a), 4-(b), 5-(c), 6(h), 7(j), 8(i), 9(f), 10(g)
B. Short Questions
1.
Define the following:
a)
Element:
Matter is
composed of certain basic substances called elements. An
element is a
substance that cannot be broken into simpler substances
by any
physical or chemical means. It is composed of minute particles
of its own
kind called atoms. For example gold, silver, mercury, Sulphur,
hydrogen and
oxygen are some elements.
b)
Atom:
An atom is the
smallest unit of an element that shows all the properties
of that
element. Some atoms are capable of independent existence
while others
are found in combination with atoms of the same or
different
element.
c)
Molecule:
A molecule
represents the smallest unit of an element or compound
that exists
independently and shows all the properties of that
substance.
d)
Compound:
A compound is
a pure substance formed by the combination of two or
more elements
in a definite proportion by mass.
e)
Molecular formula:
A chemical
formula that represents the total number and kind of atoms
in a molecule
is called a molecular formula.
f)
Sieving:
Sieving helps
to separate components of a mixture that differ in size. A
sieve is
consists of a mesh placed over a frame. While sieving the fine
particles pass
through the sieve and the coarse particles are left behind
on the sieve.
g)
Pure substances:
Substances
which contain particles of only one kind is called pure
substances.
Pure substances are of two types elements and
compounds.
Elements are made up of only one kind of atom and
compounds are
made up of only one kind of molecules.
h)
Non-metals:
Non-metals are
found abundantly in nature. They are mainly found in
the crust of
earth, atmosphere, and oceans. Hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, silicon
and Sulphur are some non-metals.
i)
Evaporation:
Evaporation is
the process by which a liquid is converted to its vapour
state. This
method is employed to separate homogeneous solid-liquid
mixture like
extracting salt from sea water.
2.
Answer the following:
a)
Write two rules followed to assign symbols to elements?
Two rules to
followed to assign symbols to elements are
i) Elements
are represented by the first letter of their names, written in
capital.
ii) When there
are more than one elements having names begin with
the same
letter then only one element is represented by the first letter
of its name
and the other elements are represented by the first two
letters of their
names. In such case the first letter is always written in
capital and
the second letter is written in small letters.
b) What is a molecular formula?
A chemical
formula that represents the total numbers and kind of
atoms in a
molecule is known as a molecular formula.
c)
Write short notes on loading.
There are some
mixtures which contain very fine solid particles that
settle down
very slowly. These particles are made to settle down
faster by
adding special chemicals. This process is called loading.
d)
What is solvent extraction? Define with example.
Solvent
extraction is used when one of the solid constituent is soluble
in a liquid.
For example we can separate a mixture of salt and sand
using solvent
extraction method. Salt gets dissolved in water where
as sand does
not. Sand settles down. The two can be thus separated.
e)
Write some commonly used methods of separation.
Some commonly
used methods of separation are sieving, sedimentation
and
decantation, filtration, evaporation and magnetic separation.
f)
Write short notes on homogeneous mixture.
A mixture in
which the components cannot be seen separately and are
uniformly
distributed throughout its volume are called homogeneous
mixture. Salt
solutions and sugar solutions are example of homogeneous
solutions.
g) Write short notes on
heterogeneous mixture.
A mixture in which the components can
be easily seen and are not
uniformly distributed is called a
heterogeneous mixture. Mixture of sand
and gravel, oil and water are
examples of heterogeneous mixture.
h) Why do we need
separation of mixture?
We need separation of mixture to
remove the harmful and undesired
substances, to obtain a useful
substance and to obtain a pure sample
of the substance.
i) What are the limitation of sedimentation and
decantation?
The limitation of sedimentation and
decantation are
i) The components of an insoluble
solid and liquid cannot be
completely separated.
ii) The components of a solid which
is lighter than liquid do not settle
down, hence they cannot be separated.
C. Long Questions
a) With the help of an
example, explain that the properties of a
compound is different
from those of its constituents.
The properties of a compound are
different from its constituent
elements. For example Hydrogen and
Oxygen combined to form
water. Here Hydrogen and Oxygen are
gases whereas Water is a liquid.
b) Write the chemical
formula for the following compounds.
Carbon Dioxide – CO2 Magnesium oxide – MgO
Zinc chloride – ZnCl2 Hydrogen chloride – HCL
Calcium chloride – CaCl2 Ammonia – NH3
Water – H2O Calcium oxide – CaO
Nitrogen dioxide – NO2 Copper oxide - CuO
c)
Write the characteristics of an atom.
i) The atoms
are very reactive and therefore exist in combination with
the atoms of
same element or other elements.
ii) The atoms
of an element are identical and exhibit same properties.
iii) The atoms
of an element differ from those of other elements.
iv) The
properties of an atom are maintained through all physical and
chemical
changes.
d)
What are the characteristics of a molecule?
i) The atoms
of same element or different elements combine to form
molecule.
ii) The atoms
of different elements are combined in a fixed whole number
ratio in a
molecule.
iii) The atoms
in a molecule are held together by chemical bonds.
iv) A molecule
is the smallest particle of an element or a compound that
exists
independently and shows all the properties of that substance.
e)
Describe the types of mixtures.
Mixtures are
of two types. (i) Homogeneous mixture and
(ii)
Heterogeneous Mixture.
Homogeneous Mixture: A mixture in which the components
cannot be
seen
separately and are uniformly distributed throughout its volume are
called
homogeneous mixture. Salt solutions and sugar solutions are
example of
homogeneous solutions.
Heterogeneous Mixture: A mixture in which the components
can be
easily seen
and are not uniformly distributed is called a heterogeneous
mixture.
Mixture of sand and gravel, oil and water are examples of
heterogeneous
mixture.
f)
Why water is a compound and Air is a mixture?
Water is a
compound and Air is a mixture, which can be justified from
the following
points.
i) Water has a
homogeneous composition. It has components hydrogen
and oxygen
which are combined in a fixed ratio 1:8. Air contains a
vapour etc.
ii) The
properties of water is totally different from its components
hydrogen and
oxygen but the constituents of air retain their
individual
properties.
iii) The
chemical composition of water remains the same everywhere
but the
composition of air varies from place to place.
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Very long but helpful
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ReplyDeleteTHANKS TO CLEAR MY DOUBT BUT THIS IS VERY LONG BUT HELPFUL
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